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Respiratory therapist is a new profession in medicine, who works therapeutically with people suffering from pulmonary disease.Their timely treatments of patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency can significantly reduce mortality in pediatric intensive care units.This review focused on the responsibilities of respiratory therapists, the importance of respiratory support therapy in children, and the most updated development in China as well as the problems to be solved.
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Mechanical ventilation is becoming more and more common in clinical practice.It certainly helps patients to overcome the respiratory failure in children, but in the meantime, also lead to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction(VIDD). VIDD is common in mechanical ventilation patients and are associated with prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, difficult weaning, pulmonary infection and the mortality.With the development of clinical medical technology, more and more convenient devices are applied to monitor diaphragm function.This review expounded the latest monitoring technology and assessment indices of VIDD, including pressure-generating capacity, imaging examination and diaphragm electrical activity.
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The main reason for prolonged mechanic ventilation in children staying in PICU for a long time is that it cannot weaning.The reasons for prolonged mechanic ventilation are complex and diverse, and how to deal with it is a difficult problem faced by clinicians.This review summarized the etiology and weaning strategies of prolonged mechanic ventilation in children, so as to provide evidence for clinicians to deal with this problem.
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Objective:To explore the effects of external diaphragm electrical stimulation on the diaphragm thickness and function in mechanically ventilated children.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted in children who were admitted to PICU at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University and received mechanical ventilation between June 2021 and April 2022.The control group was given the routine treatment of mechanical ventilation, and the intervention group was given external diaphragm electrical stimulation in the early stage of mechanical ventilation in addition to routine treatment.Diaphragm thickness was continuously measured by bedside ultrasound every day for one week after mechanical ventilation, and the changing trend of diaphragm thickness was observed, and the diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTf) and the incidence of ventilator-induced diaphragmtic dysfunction(VIDD) were calculated at the same time.Results:A total of 32 valid samples were included, including 15 cases in intervention group (10 males) and 17 cases in control group (11 males). The median age of the patients was 33 (10, 77) months, and the median duration of mechanical ventilation was 12 (8, 21) days.The reasons for mechanical ventilation in children included respiratory insufficiency in ten cases, brain dysfunction in ten cases, heart failure in eight cases, and postoperative surgery in four cases.The diaphragm end-expiratory thickness (DTe) in intervention group and the control group showed a gradually decreasing trend from the 1st day to the 7th day.The left thickness was reduced by 11% on the 7th day compared to 1st day in intervention group, which was reduced by 18% in control group; the average daily DTe was reduced by 2% per day in intervention group and by 3% per day in control group.The trends on the right and left were similar.The DTe thickness in the intervention group was greater than that in control group, among which, the mean DTe thickness in the left side of the intervention group on the 7th day was (0.110 7±0.023 7)cm, which was greater than that in control group (0.093 5±0.016 9)cm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.372, P<0.05); On the second day, the mean DTe thickness on the right side in the intervention group was (0.1267±0.0277) cm, which was greater than that in control group (0.104 7±0.018 1)cm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.688, P<0.05). DTf in the intervention group was lower than that in control group at 7th day, but the difference was not statistically significant(left DTf: adjusted mean difference was -0.117, P=0.088; right DTf: adjusted mean difference was -0.065, P=0.277). The incidence of VIDD in the intervention group was lower than that in control group(33.3% vs.41.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2=0.005, P=0.946). Conclusion:External diaphragmatic electrical stimulation may be helpful for alleviating diaphragmatic atrophy in mechanically ventilated children.However, whether the improvement of diaphragm atrophy is beneficial to clinical outcome still needs further study.
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Objective:To summarize the experience of the precise prevention and control strategy of novel coronavirus infection in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU)during the epidemic of the Omicron variant.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the strategies and management experience of precise prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in PICU at Pediatric Hospital of Fudan University from March 1 to May 10, 2022.Results:According to the national and Shanghai novel coronavirus infection prevention and control standards, the PICU in our hospital, in accordance with the specialty characteristics of PICU, cooperated with the hospital′s department of infection and medical department to jointly construct a precise ward management strategy for the outbreak of the omicron mutants infection.Precise prevention and control management strategies were formulated from four aspects: the admission process of critically ill children, the division of PICU ward areas and nosocomial infection protection, the reception management system for children′s family members, and the " bubble management" system for PICU staff, and run them for 3 months.During the epidemic, there was no nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus infection in children or medical staff.During the period, a total of 140 critically ill children were admitted, including 87 cases transferred from the general ward in the hospital, 48 cases from the emergency department(non-febrile, 3 cases transferred by the transfer team), four cases from fever clinic, and one case from control ward.Four of the critically ill children had no emergency nucleic acid test report when they were admitted to the PICU.Among the 140 critically ill children, 54 patients received mechanical ventilation, 18 patients received blood purification, and two patients were monitored after liver transplantation.Seventy-eight (55.7%) children had underlying diseases.Conclusion:During the current round of novel coronavirus epidemic in Shanghai, PICU in our hospital formulated the admission and ward management procedures for critically ill children, which ensured the prevention and control of nosocomial infection of novel coronavirus, and at the same time ensured the treatment of critically ill children to the greatest extent.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical epidemiological data of children with prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU), and analyze the primary disease of children with PMV as well as the disease characteristics and prognosis of children with PMV under different kinds of primary disease.Methods:The clinical data of hospitalized children with PMV in PICU at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected.Results:A total of 46 children with PMV were collected.There were 18 males (39.1%) and 28 females (60.9%). The median age was 37 (8, 86) months and the median body weight was 15 (7, 20) kg.The average pediatric critical illness score at admission was 84.2±7.7, PaO 2/FiO 2 was (245.5±99.8)mmHg.The primary diseases leading to PMV were as follows: there were 14 cases of severe pneumonia, eight cases of severe encephalitis, five cases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, three cases of upper airway obstruction/craniofacial deformity, three cases of myasthenia, three cases of brain stem tumor, three cases of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, two cases of spinal muscular atrophy, two cases of Prader-Willi syndrome, one case of dermatomyositis, one case of severe brain injury, and one case of central hypoventilation.The causes of unable to withdraw ventilator were respiratory dysfunction in 24 cases, brain dysfunction in 16 cases, and diaphragm dysfunction in six cases.Compared with neuromuscular diseases, children with PMV caused by respiratory diseases had lower month age, higher preterm birth rate, lower PaO 2/FiO 2 ratio, higher parameters for ventilator treatment, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Children with PMV caused by neuromuscular diseases had lower Glasgow coma score and higher coma rate, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). A total of nine (19.6%) cases underwent tracheotomy.A total of 23 (50.0%) cases were successfully extubated from ventilator, six (13.0%) cases were dependent on invasive ventilator, and six (13.0%) cases were breathing with tracheotomy tube.The median mechanical ventilation time was 33 (28, 40) days, the median PICU hospital stay was 42 (34, 56) days, and the median hospital stay was 51 (41, 65) days.A total of 27 (58.7%) cases were improved and discharged, four (8.7%) cases were transferred to rehabilitation hospital, four (8.7%) cases were transferred to local hospital, and 11 (23.9%) cases died in hospital or at home after giving up. Conclusion:The main causes of PMV in PICU children are respiratory dysfunction, brain dysfunction and diaphragm dysfunction.50.0% of the children with PMV could be discharged from the ventilator, and 23.9% died or died after giving up.
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Children with prolonged mechanical ventilation often have complex conditions, such as long hospital stay of PICU.They have many complications and high mortality.In addition, these patients have low quality of life, lack of psychological care, family emotional communication, and heavy burden of disease.The long-term management and rehabilitation of these children should be strengthened.This study summarized the researches of prolonged mechanical ventilation in adults at home and abroad, in order to provide experience for prolonged mechanical ventilation management in children.
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Objective:To explore the reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of children′s anterior, middle and posterior diaphragm motions.Methods:Thirty children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit were positioned supine and a 5MHz ultrasound probe was placed over the intersection of their right midclavicular line with the costal margin. M-mode ultrasound was used to record the excursion and contraction velocity of the anterior, middle and posterior diaphragm during respiration. The observations were duplicated so the repeatability of the measurements could be evaluated using intra-group correlation coefficients calculated for the diaphragm excursions and the contraction velocities. Analysis of variance was used to explore the differences in excursion and contraction velocity among different parts of the diaphragm.Results:The intra-group correlation coefficients calculated for the anterior, middle and posterior diaphragm were 0.89, 0.95 and 0.90 respectively. The corresponding values for the contraction velocities were 0.90, 0.94 and 0.95 respectively. Both variables measured by ultrasound showed high repeatability. The average anterior, middle and posterior diaphragm excursion values (in mm) were 8.1±3.1, 7.4±3.0 and 5.5±2.3, and the corresponding average contraction velocities (in mm/s) were 12.5±4.8, 11.5±6.3 and 8.9±4.0.Conclusions:Measurements of children′s diaphragm motions using ultrasound show high repeatability. The excursions and contraction velocities of the anterior, middle and posterior diaphragm differ in children. The motion of one part of the diaphragm cannot represent the functioning of the entire diaphragm.
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Airway humidification is one of the important measures for airway management.To master the hu-midification indication,humidification method and effect evaluation is helpful to achieve the best humidification effect, reduce complications,reduce incidence of pulmonary infection and promote early recovery of children.
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Objective To establish the continuing nursing model for ventilator-dependent children in China and explore its feasibility.Methods Ventilator-dependent children in our hospital from October 2015 to February 2017 were recruited.Self-designed home ventilation follow-up card and long-term ventilator-dependent children outpatient follow-up card were used to collect information.We established files for patients trained and evaluated caregivers conducted discharge assessment for patients and family status performed follow-up and management.Results Totally 30 cases of parents and caregivers received home care training and passed the examination 15 cases of ventilator-dependent children returned home with home ventilator and 12 received follow-up.The total readmission rate was 58.3％;among them the readmission rate in one month was 33.3％.One case died due to deteriorated primary disease and 11 cases used home mechanical ventilation successfully during follow-up.The length of home mechanical ventilation varied from 5 months to 2 years.Conclusion The continuing nursing model for ventilator-dependent children is feasible.